Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is a disease in which cells in the bladder grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way and form a tumour. The bladder is the hollow organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine. Most bladder cancers start in the cells lining the inside of the bladder. It can range from early, surface-level growths to cancers that grow deeper into the bladder wall.

Bladder cancer is one of the more common cancers, particularly in older adults. It affects men more often than women and becomes more likely with age, so it is mainly diagnosed in later life. Because an early symptom is often visible blood in the urine, many people seek help and are diagnosed at a stage when treatment can be effective.

The most common symptom is blood in the urine, which may make it look pink, red or brown and is often painless. Other possible signs include needing to urinate more often or urgently, pain or burning when passing urine, and discomfort in the lower abdomen. These symptoms can have many causes, so any blood in the urine should be checked by a doctor.

Bladder cancer develops when changes in bladder cells cause them to grow abnormally. Smoking is the most important risk factor, as harmful substances are filtered into the urine. Long-term exposure to certain industrial chemicals, older age, being male, previous radiation or some long-standing bladder conditions can also raise the risk. A family history may play a part.

If bladder cancer is suspected, a doctor may arrange urine tests and a procedure called cystoscopy, in which a thin telescope is used to look inside the bladder. A small tissue sample may be taken to examine under a microscope. Imaging scans can show whether and how far the cancer has spread, which helps determine its stage and the most suitable treatment.

Treatment depends on the type and stage of the cancer. Early surface tumours may be removed during cystoscopy, sometimes followed by medicine placed directly into the bladder. Cancers that have grown deeper may need surgery to remove part or all of the bladder, along with other treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy or newer therapies. A specialist team plans the approach.

Not all bladder cancers can be prevented, but the risk can be lowered. Not smoking, or stopping if you do, is the most important step. Following safety measures around industrial chemicals at work and staying well hydrated may also help. Seeking prompt medical advice for symptoms such as blood in the urine supports earlier diagnosis and better outcomes.