Heart Failure

Heart failure is a chronic condition in which the heart cannot pump blood around the body as effectively as it should. This may happen because the heart muscle is weakened or has become stiff. As a result, the body's organs and tissues may not receive enough oxygen-rich blood, which causes symptoms such as tiredness and breathlessness. The term does not mean the heart has stopped working.

Heart failure is a common condition worldwide and becomes more frequent with increasing age. It can affect adults of any age but is seen most often in older people, particularly those who have had heart attacks, high blood pressure, or other heart conditions. Both men and women can develop heart failure, and rising numbers reflect ageing populations and improved survival from heart disease.

The main symptoms are breathlessness (during activity, at rest, or when lying flat), persistent tiredness, and swelling in the ankles, legs, or abdomen caused by fluid build-up. Some people notice a faster heartbeat, a cough, or sudden weight gain. Symptoms can develop gradually or worsen suddenly. Seek emergency medical care immediately if you experience severe shortness of breath, chest pain, fainting, or rapid fluid buildup/coughing up pink, frothy sputum.

Heart failure usually results from conditions that damage or strain the heart, including coronary artery disease, previous heart attack, high blood pressure, heart valve problems, and abnormal heart rhythms. Risk is higher in people with diabetes, obesity, or a history of heavy alcohol use. Increasing age and a family history of heart disease can also raise the likelihood of developing it.

Diagnosis begins with a medical history and physical examination, where a doctor listens to the heart and lungs and checks for swelling. Blood tests can measure substances linked to heart strain, and an echocardiogram (ultrasound scan of the heart) shows how well the heart pumps. An electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-ray, and other imaging may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and find the cause.

Treatment aims to ease symptoms, slow progression, and improve quality of life. It usually combines several types of medicine, a heart-healthy lifestyle, and managing the underlying cause. Some people benefit from implanted devices such as pacemakers, and a small number may need surgery. Care is tailored to each person, and regular monitoring helps the team adjust treatment over time.

Many cases can be prevented or delayed by protecting heart health. This includes keeping blood pressure and blood sugar within healthy ranges, not smoking, limiting alcohol, staying physically active, and maintaining a healthy weight and balanced diet. Treating conditions such as coronary artery disease and controlling cholesterol also lowers risk. Regular check-ups help detect and manage problems early.