Uterine Fibroids

Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths made up of muscle and fibrous tissue that form in or around the uterus (womb). They can range in size from as small as a seed to as large as a melon, and a woman may have one fibroid or several. Although the word 'tumour' is sometimes used, fibroids are benign and very rarely become cancerous.

Fibroids are very common and many women develop them at some point during their reproductive years, often without knowing. They are most frequently found in women in their 30s and 40s and tend to shrink after menopause. Family history can increase the likelihood, and fibroids appear to be more common in some ethnic groups than others.

Many fibroids cause no symptoms and are found by chance. When symptoms do occur, they may include heavy or prolonged menstrual periods, pelvic pain or pressure, a feeling of fullness in the lower abdomen, frequent urination, lower back discomfort, or pain during sex. Very large fibroids can make the abdomen look swollen and, in some cases, affect fertility or pregnancy.

The exact cause is not fully understood, but fibroid growth appears to be linked to the hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which is why they often grow during the reproductive years and shrink after menopause. Risk factors include a family history of fibroids, increasing age before menopause, and being of certain ethnic backgrounds. Body weight and other lifestyle factors may also play a part.

Fibroids are often discovered during a routine pelvic examination, when a doctor may feel an irregularly shaped uterus. To confirm the diagnosis and check the size and location, an ultrasound scan is usually performed. In some cases, further imaging such as an MRI scan or a look inside the womb with a small camera may be used to plan the most suitable treatment.

If fibroids cause no symptoms, no treatment may be needed and they can simply be monitored. When treatment is required, options range from medicines that ease heavy bleeding or shrink fibroids, to procedures that block their blood supply, to surgery to remove the fibroids or, in some cases, the womb. The right approach depends on symptoms, fibroid size and location, and whether a woman wishes to have children.

There is no proven way to prevent fibroids from forming, as they are largely linked to hormones and individual risk factors. However, attending regular check-ups means any growths can be found and monitored early. Maintaining a healthy weight and a balanced lifestyle may support overall reproductive health, and seeking advice promptly when symptoms appear helps ensure timely, effective care.