Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS, is a common condition that affects how a woman's ovaries work. It is associated with an imbalance of hormones, including higher than usual levels of male-type hormones, and with the ovaries containing many small fluid-filled sacs called follicles. PCOS can affect periods, fertility, skin and weight, though its effects vary from person to person.

PCOS is one of the most common hormonal conditions affecting women of reproductive age. Symptoms often appear in the late teens or early twenties, but they can develop later too. Because the condition varies so much and some women have only mild symptoms, many people may have PCOS without it being recognised straight away.

Common symptoms include irregular or absent periods, difficulty getting pregnant due to less frequent ovulation, and signs of higher male-type hormones such as excess facial or body hair, acne, or thinning hair on the scalp. Some women also find it harder to manage their weight. Not everyone has all of these symptoms, and their severity differs widely.

The exact cause of PCOS is not fully known, but it often runs in families and is linked to the way the body responds to the hormone insulin. When the body does not respond well to insulin, this can raise hormone levels and affect ovulation. A family history of PCOS and being above a healthy weight may increase the likelihood of developing symptoms.

There is no single test for PCOS, so doctors usually make a diagnosis by combining several findings. This may involve discussing your symptoms and menstrual pattern, blood tests to check hormone levels, and an ultrasound scan to look at the ovaries. A diagnosis is often made when at least two of these point towards PCOS and other conditions have been ruled out.

PCOS cannot be cured, but its symptoms can usually be managed well. Healthy eating, regular physical activity and reaching a healthy weight can improve many symptoms and help regulate periods. Depending on individual needs, medical treatments may help with periods, unwanted hair growth, skin changes, or fertility. Care is often tailored to a woman's main concerns and stage of life.

PCOS itself cannot be prevented, as it is largely influenced by genetics and hormones. However, its impact can often be reduced through a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight, which can ease symptoms and lower the risk of related long-term health problems. Regular check-ups help monitor health and catch any concerns early.