Ovarian Cysts

An ovarian cyst is a fluid- or fluid-and-tissue-filled sac that develops on or inside an ovary, most commonly as a physiological functional cyst (such as a follicular or corpus luteum cyst). They are very common and most are harmless, often forming as a normal part of the monthly menstrual cycle. Many cysts cause no symptoms at all and go away on their own within a few months without any need for treatment, especially in women who have not yet reached menopause.

Ovarian cysts are common and can affect women of any age, though they occur most often during the reproductive years when the ovaries are active. The type that forms as part of the menstrual cycle is particularly common before menopause. Cysts that develop after menopause are less common and are more likely to be checked carefully by a doctor.

Most ovarian cysts cause no symptoms and are found by chance during a scan for another reason. When symptoms do occur, they may include pelvic pain or a dull ache, bloating or a feeling of fullness, and discomfort during sex. Sudden, severe pelvic pain can occasionally happen if a cyst bursts or twists, and this should be checked promptly.

Many ovarian cysts form as a natural result of the monthly cycle, when a sac that normally releases an egg fills with fluid instead. These are called functional cysts and are the most common type. Other cysts can be linked to conditions such as endometriosis or polycystic ovaries. Being of reproductive age is the main factor for the common functional cysts.

Ovarian cysts are usually diagnosed with an ultrasound scan, which shows their size, position and whether they are filled with fluid or contain solid areas. A doctor may also carry out a pelvic examination. In some cases, particularly after menopause or if a cyst looks unusual, a blood test or repeat scans may be used to monitor it and guide further care.

Most ovarian cysts need no treatment and simply clear up on their own, so a doctor may suggest a repeat scan after a few weeks or months to check this. If a cyst is large, persistent, causing symptoms or looks unusual, surgery to remove it may be considered. The approach depends on the cyst's size and appearance, the symptoms, and whether a woman has reached menopause.

Functional ovarian cysts are a normal part of the menstrual cycle and generally cannot be prevented. Their impact, however, is usually minimal as most resolve by themselves. Attending recommended check-ups and seeking advice if you notice persistent pelvic pain, bloating or other concerns allows any cyst that needs attention to be found and monitored early, giving peace of mind.