Menopause

Menopause is a natural stage of life when a woman's periods stop permanently and she can no longer become pregnant naturally. It happens as the ovaries gradually produce less of the hormone oestrogen. The years of changing hormones and symptoms leading up to it are called the perimenopause, and menopause is confirmed retroactively once periods have stopped for 12 consecutive months without other physiological or pathological causes.

Menopause is a universal experience that every woman goes through if she lives long enough, so it is entirely normal rather than a medical problem. It most often happens naturally with age, typically in the late forties to mid fifties. It can also occur earlier for some women, including after certain medical treatments or surgery affecting the ovaries.

Symptoms vary widely from person to person. Common ones include hot flushes, night sweats, changes in periods before they stop, difficulty sleeping, mood changes, reduced concentration, and vaginal dryness. Some women have few symptoms, while others find them more troublesome. Symptoms often ease over time, though they can last for several years around the time of menopause.

Menopause is caused by the natural decline in reproductive hormones as the ovaries age, so it is a normal part of getting older rather than something caused by risk factors. It can happen earlier for some women, for example after surgery to remove the ovaries or following certain cancer treatments. A family history may influence the age at which it naturally occurs.

For most women over a certain age, menopause is diagnosed based on symptoms and changes in the menstrual cycle, without the need for tests. It is generally confirmed once a woman has gone twelve months without a period. In some situations, such as when symptoms appear at a younger age, a doctor may suggest a blood test to check hormone levels.

Because menopause is natural, treatment is about easing symptoms rather than curing anything. Many women find relief through lifestyle measures such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, good sleep habits and staying cool. When symptoms are more troublesome, medical options including hormone-based treatments may be discussed. A doctor can help weigh the benefits and risks based on each woman's health and preferences.

Menopause is a natural life stage and cannot, and need not, be prevented. However, its impact can be reduced. Staying physically active, eating well, not smoking and looking after bone and heart health can ease symptoms and support long-term wellbeing. Talking openly with a healthcare professional means any troublesome symptoms can be managed and overall health monitored during this stage.