Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a cancer that begins in white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the lymphatic system, the body's network for fighting infection. When these cells grow abnormally, they can build up in lymph nodes and other tissues. Lymphoma is divided into two main groups, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and each includes several subtypes that behave differently.

Lymphoma is among the more common cancers and can affect people of any age, including children and young adults, though some types are more frequent in older people. Hodgkin lymphoma often appears in younger adults, while non-Hodgkin lymphoma becomes more common with age. Many people with lymphoma respond well to treatment, and outcomes have improved considerably over time.

The most common sign is one or more painless, swollen lymph nodes, often in the neck, armpit, or groin. Other symptoms can include night sweats, unexplained fevers, weight loss, persistent tiredness, and itchy skin. These symptoms have many possible causes, but a swelling that does not go away or comes with these other signs should be checked by a doctor.

In most cases the exact cause is unknown. Lymphoma is not contagious and is rarely inherited. Risk can be higher in people with a weakened immune system, certain long-term infections, some autoimmune conditions, or a family history. Age also plays a part for some types. Most people who develop lymphoma have no clear risk factor, so it often cannot be predicted.

The key test is a biopsy, in which a swollen lymph node or a sample of it is removed and examined under a microscope to confirm lymphoma and identify the type. Blood tests, imaging scans such as CT or PET, and sometimes a bone marrow sample are used to see how widespread the disease is. This information, known as staging, helps the team plan the most suitable treatment.

Treatment depends on the type and stage of lymphoma and your general health. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are commonly used, often alongside targeted drugs or immunotherapy that help the immune system attack the cancer. Some slow-growing lymphomas may simply be monitored at first. A specialist team will recommend a plan tailored to you, and many people achieve long-term remission or cure.

There is no proven way to prevent lymphoma, as its causes are usually unknown and not linked to lifestyle in the way some cancers are. There is also no routine screening test. The most helpful step is to be aware of your body and to see a doctor about any lasting swollen lymph nodes or symptoms such as unexplained fevers, sweats, or weight loss.