Infertility

Infertility is usually described as not being able to get pregnant despite having regular, unprotected sex over a period of time, often around a year. It can affect either partner, and sometimes both, so it is helpful to think of it as a shared concern for a couple. In some cases the difficulty is temporary, and many couples eventually conceive with support.

Infertility is a common experience that affects many couples around the world. It can involve men and women equally, and the chance of conceiving naturally tends to decline with age, particularly for women. Because it can have many different causes, infertility affects people across all backgrounds, and reaching out for advice early can make a real difference.

The main sign of infertility is simply not becoming pregnant after trying for some time. Often there are no other obvious symptoms. In some people there may be clues to an underlying cause, such as irregular or absent periods in women, or signs of a hormonal imbalance in either partner. Many couples feel well in themselves despite having difficulty conceiving.

Infertility can be caused by factors in either partner. In women, common causes include problems with ovulation or with the fallopian tubes or womb. In men, it often relates to the number or quality of sperm. Sometimes no clear cause is found. Age, weight, smoking, heavy alcohol use and certain medical conditions can all affect fertility in either partner.

Because infertility can involve either partner, tests are usually offered to both. For women, this may include blood tests to check ovulation and hormones, along with scans or other investigations of the womb and fallopian tubes. For men, a semen analysis is commonly used. A doctor will also ask about medical history and lifestyle to help identify possible causes.

Treatment depends on the cause and may focus on one or both partners. Options can include medicines to encourage ovulation, surgical treatment of conditions affecting the reproductive organs, and assisted reproduction techniques. Lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy weight and stopping smoking can also help. A fertility specialist can explain which approaches are most suitable for a couple's individual situation.

Not all causes of infertility can be prevented, but some risks can be reduced. Maintaining a healthy weight, not smoking, limiting alcohol and protecting against sexually transmitted infections can support fertility in both partners. Seeking advice sooner rather than later, especially with increasing age, gives the best opportunity to find and address any treatable causes early.