Congenital Heart Disease

Congenital heart disease describes a problem with the structure of the heart that is present from birth. It happens when the heart or its major blood vessels do not form normally as a baby develops. The term covers many different conditions, such as holes between heart chambers or narrowed vessels and valves. Some are mild and need little treatment, while others are more complex.

Congenital heart disease is among the most common types of birth difference, affecting babies of all backgrounds worldwide. It can affect both boys and girls. Thanks to advances in diagnosis and treatment, many children with congenital heart conditions now grow into adulthood, and a large and increasing number of adults are living with treated congenital heart disease.

Symptoms depend on the type and severity of the condition. In babies they may include fast breathing, difficulty feeding, poor weight gain, tiredness, or a bluish tinge to the skin. Milder conditions may cause few or no symptoms and may only be found later in life. In older children and adults, breathlessness or reduced stamina during activity can occur.

In most cases the exact cause is unknown. Congenital heart disease can be linked to changes in genes or chromosomes and sometimes occurs as part of a wider genetic condition. Risk may be increased by certain infections, health conditions, or exposures during pregnancy. Having a family history of congenital heart disease can also make it more likely, though many affected babies have no known risk factor.

Some conditions are detected before birth during routine pregnancy ultrasound scans. After birth, a diagnosis may follow a physical examination, particularly if a heart murmur is heard, or the appearance of symptoms. The main test is an echocardiogram, an ultrasound of the heart. An electrocardiogram (ECG), oxygen-level checks, and more detailed scans may also be used to assess the heart's structure.

Treatment depends on the specific condition and how serious it is. Some mild defects need only regular monitoring and may improve on their own. Others are managed with medicines, procedures performed using thin tubes (catheters), or surgery to repair the heart's structure. Many people need lifelong follow-up with specialists to keep their heart healthy and to manage any later needs.

Because the cause is often unknown, congenital heart disease usually cannot be prevented. However, steps during pregnancy may help reduce some risks, such as avoiding smoking and alcohol, managing existing health conditions like diabetes, keeping vaccinations up to date, and following medical advice on medicines and supplements. Attending recommended pregnancy scans helps detect conditions early so care can be planned.