Bronchitis

Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi, the main airways that carry air into the lungs. When these airways become irritated and swollen, they produce extra mucus, which leads to a cough that may bring up phlegm.

There are two main types. Acute bronchitis is a short-term illness, usually triggered by an infection, that often follows a cold or flu and clears up within a few weeks. Chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition in which the airways are inflamed over months or years; it is considered part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is most often caused by smoking.

The main symptom is a cough, which may bring up clear, white, yellow, or green mucus. Other symptoms can include a sore throat, a blocked or runny nose, a mild fever, chest discomfort, tiredness, and wheezing or some breathlessness. With acute bronchitis the cough can linger for a few weeks even after other symptoms have eased.

Chronic bronchitis tends to cause a cough that comes back for at least three months a year over two or more years, along with ongoing mucus and breathlessness that may slowly worsen.

Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a virus, often the same viruses that cause colds and flu, so it commonly appears alongside or just after an upper respiratory infection. Less often, bacteria are responsible. Breathing in irritants such as smoke, dust, or fumes can also inflame the airways.

Chronic bronchitis is most commonly caused by long-term exposure to cigarette smoke. Air pollution and workplace dusts and chemicals can also contribute. Stopping smoking is the single most important step to protect the airways.

Acute bronchitis is usually diagnosed from your symptoms and a physical examination, including listening to your chest. Most people do not need any tests, and the illness can be managed at home.

If symptoms are severe, last a long time, or keep coming back, a doctor may arrange further checks to rule out other conditions such as pneumonia or asthma. These can include a chest X-ray, breathing (lung function) tests, or a sample of mucus sent to the laboratory. These tests are also used when chronic bronchitis or COPD is suspected.

Most cases of acute bronchitis get better without specific treatment. Helpful self-care includes resting, drinking plenty of fluids, and using simple pain relievers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen to ease a fever or aches, if suitable for you. Antibiotics are usually not recommended because most cases are viral, and antibiotics do not work against viruses; they may be considered only in certain situations, such as if a bacterial infection is likely or you are at higher risk of complications.

For chronic bronchitis, treatment focuses on the underlying condition. Stopping smoking is essential. Inhalers, pulmonary rehabilitation, and other COPD treatments may be used to ease symptoms and reduce flare-ups. Vaccinations against flu and pneumococcal infection are often advised.

You can lower your risk by not smoking and avoiding second-hand smoke, washing your hands regularly to reduce infections, and keeping up to date with recommended vaccinations. Avoiding dusty or polluted air where possible also helps protect the airways.

Acute bronchitis usually clears within about three weeks and most people recover fully. Contact a doctor if your cough lasts longer than three weeks, you cough up blood, you have chest pain, you feel very unwell, or you are in a higher-risk group such as being older, pregnant, or having a long-term health condition. Seek emergency care for severe breathing difficulty, blue-tinged lips or skin, or sudden confusion.