Asthma

Asthma is a long-term condition affecting the airways that carry air in and out of the lungs. In people with asthma, these airways are sensitive and can become inflamed and narrowed, sometimes with extra mucus. This makes it harder for air to move freely, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath that may vary over time.

Asthma is one of the most common long-term conditions worldwide, affecting both children and adults across all regions. It often begins in childhood but can develop at any age. While anyone can be affected, asthma tends to be more frequent in people with allergies or a family history of asthma or allergic conditions, and its impact ranges from mild to severe.

The main symptoms are wheezing (a whistling sound when breathing), shortness of breath, chest tightness and a cough that is often worse at night or early morning. Symptoms may come and go and can be triggered by specific factors. A sudden, severe worsening is called an asthma attack and may include rapid breathing, difficulty speaking and a sense of breathlessness that does not ease.

The exact cause is not fully understood, but asthma is linked to inflamed, sensitive airways that react strongly to triggers. Common triggers include house dust mites, pollen, animal dander, smoke, air pollution, cold air, exercise and respiratory infections. Risk is higher in people with allergies, eczema or hay fever, a family history of asthma, or early exposure to tobacco smoke.

Doctors diagnose asthma by reviewing symptoms, their pattern and any triggers, along with personal and family medical history. Breathing tests that measure how well and how quickly the lungs move air, such as spirometry and peak flow readings, help confirm the diagnosis. Sometimes additional checks for allergies or airway inflammation are used to build a fuller picture before agreeing on a plan.

Asthma is usually managed with inhaled treatments, broadly divided into relievers that ease sudden symptoms and preventers that reduce ongoing airway inflammation. Care is tailored to each person, often guided by a personal action plan and regular reviews. Identifying and avoiding triggers, using inhalers correctly and monitoring symptoms all help keep asthma controlled. A severe attack is a medical emergency needing immediate care.

Asthma itself cannot always be prevented, but attacks and flare-ups can often be reduced. Avoiding known triggers, not smoking and steering clear of secondhand smoke, keeping up with prescribed preventer treatment, and attending regular reviews all help. Recognising early warning signs and following a personalised action plan make it easier to keep symptoms under control and avoid serious episodes.