Breast Cancer

Breast cancer develops when cells in the breast tissue start to multiply abnormally and form a growth, or tumour. Some tumours stay contained, while others can spread to nearby tissue or other parts of the body. It can begin in the milk ducts or the milk-producing glands, and there are several different types that behave in different ways.

Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide and is the most common cancer in women. The risk increases with age, so most cases occur in older women. Men have breast tissue too and can develop it, though this is far less common. Many people diagnosed today go on to live long, healthy lives.

The most common sign is a new lump or area of thickening in the breast or armpit. Other changes to watch for include alterations in breast size or shape, dimpling or puckering of the skin, a rash around the nipple, nipple discharge, or a nipple that turns inward. Most breast changes are not cancer, but any new change should be checked promptly.

The exact cause is often unknown, but it results from changes in breast cells that affect how they grow. Risk rises with age and is higher for those with a strong family history or certain inherited gene changes. Other factors include earlier breast conditions, being overweight, regular alcohol use, and hormonal influences. Having a risk factor does not mean cancer will develop.

If a change is found, doctors usually begin with a physical examination of the breasts and armpits. Imaging tests such as a mammogram (a breast X-ray) and ultrasound help show the area more clearly, and an MRI may be used in some cases. A biopsy, where a small tissue sample is taken and examined under a microscope, confirms whether cancer is present and identifies its type.

Treatment depends on the type and stage of the cancer and your overall health. The main options include surgery to remove the tumour or breast, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted drug treatments. These are often used in combination. A specialist team tailors the plan to each person, and many treatments aim to cure the disease while preserving quality of life.

Breast cancer cannot always be prevented, but you can lower your risk by keeping a healthy weight, staying active, and limiting alcohol. Early detection makes a real difference: attending breast screening when invited, knowing how your breasts normally look and feel, and reporting any changes promptly all help catch problems sooner, when treatment tends to work best.