Biopsy
A biopsy is a procedure in which a small sample of tissue or cells is taken from the body and examined under a microscope. It helps doctors find out whether an area is healthy or affected by a condition such as infection, inflammation, or cancer, and it does not use radiation.
Overview
What is a biopsy?
A biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue or a sample of cells from part of the body so it can be studied closely in a laboratory. A specialist called a pathologist examines the sample under a microscope to look for abnormal cells or signs of disease. It is one of the most accurate ways to reach a firm diagnosis.
Why is a biopsy done?
A biopsy is usually arranged when a scan, blood test, or physical examination finds something that needs a closer look. It can confirm whether a lump or abnormal area is cancerous or harmless, identify infections or inflammation, and help doctors choose the most suitable treatment. The results guide important decisions about your care.
Test Details
How do I prepare for a biopsy?
Preparation depends on the type of biopsy and where it is taken. Your team will tell you whether to stop eating or drinking beforehand and whether to pause any blood-thinning medicines. Mention all medications, allergies, and the possibility of pregnancy. For deeper biopsies you may need someone to drive you home, especially if sedation is used.
What happens during a biopsy?
Most biopsies are quick. The skin is cleaned and usually numbed with local anaesthetic, then a sample is taken using a needle, a small surgical cut, or an instrument passed during an endoscopy. Imaging such as ultrasound may guide the needle to the right spot. You may feel pressure or brief discomfort, but the area is numbed beforehand.
Results and Follow-Up
What happens after the test, and what do the results show?
The sample is sent to a laboratory, where a pathologist examines it and prepares a report, which can take several days to a couple of weeks. The results show whether the cells are normal or abnormal and, if disease is found, what type it is. Your doctor will explain what the findings mean and discuss any next steps or treatment.
Additional Common Questions
Does a biopsy hurt?
Local anaesthetic is usually used to numb the area, so you should feel little more than pressure during the procedure. Some tenderness or bruising afterwards is normal and settles within a few days.
Does a biopsy use radiation?
The biopsy itself does not use ionising radiation. Imaging such as ultrasound, or occasionally a CT or X-ray, may be used to guide the needle accurately.
Can a biopsy spread cancer?
The risk of a biopsy spreading cancer is considered extremely low, and the benefit of an accurate diagnosis is far greater. Speak to your specialist if you have concerns.
This health topic is for general information and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician about your individual situation. See our medical disclaimer.